Jacob Lawrence :: essays research papers

Jacob LawrenceJacob Lawrences unique career has earned him a home(a) Medal Of Arts , election to the National Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Academy of Design,a National Council of the Arts commisionership, and dozens of honorary degrees and awards, including the NAACPs Spingarn Medal. His paintings has been freatured in several major art exhibitions and many different museums. Lawrences parents came from the south but they moved to Harlem where Lawrence grew up. Lawrence was natural in 1917 and grew up in Harlem during the Great Depression. He had many extraordinary educational oppurtunities as well as his first employment as an artist. In the studio of his mentor, Charles Alston, young Lawrence painted while the Harlem Renaissance was blooming with a generation of young artists and writers. He studied at the Harlem Art Workshop from 1932-1937 and at the American Artists School from 1937-1939. In the 1930s there was two main art groups,realism art and abstractionism art. Lawrence rejected both of them and made up his own modal value of art. His paintings are alive with pitying figures, usually African Americans,engaged in all different types of activities. He dipicted the figures in his paintings with dignity and grace. He got his ideas from several different sources. He used repetitive paterns and a lot of different colors and design which are commonly found in a quilt or an African textile. He made up to as many as 60 paintings which are each telling a story and the messages are usually of human triumph over oppression and injustice. Although his paintings often relate to the history and experience of black people their themes are universal. Lawrence allso made murals for his story telling. Throughout most of the twentieth century , art institutions within black communities were the only places that exhibited the work of black artists. If other galleries did have black exhibits they were singled out as " blackamoor artists" or " Negro Art". Without gallery exposure, they were rarely noticed by influential people or obtain appropriate prices. In 1941 Alain Locke, a friend of Lawrences introduced Lawrences Migration series to the possessor New Yorks Downtown Gallery Edith Halpert. Edith immediately organized an exhibition for Lawrences art work, and Lawrence joined the select few group of artists she presented, which included Stuart Davis, Charles Sheeler, and Ben Shahn. Lawrences Migration series was purchased and divided in the midst of the Museum of Modern Art and the Phillips Collection.

Advertisements Essay -- Essays Papers

AdvertisementsAdvertisements are everywhere. Whether it is a magazine, billboard, television or radio, ads attempt to reckon peoples eyes from all over. An advertisement uses many different aspects in determine to entice its possible consumers. In a commercial for Thermasilk sensory hair products, the product craved attention therefore the advertiser used a popular song to hook the viewers. The ad continues on with its temptations to reel in consumers by expressing a well-known desire of many women to have the perfect head of hair. Today, not many people are comfortable with what they have, therefore they strive for what they do not already obtain. The ad pledges to viewers that by using Thermasilk products, they must not just Blow DRY their hair, instead they should Blow Beautiful. The ad emphasizes that Thermasilk products give improve the hairs beauty. Looking good in todays world is an important aspect that includes hair in its approach to higher-up fashion. The advertiser uses popular music and an appealing saying in order to interest women who want the hair they do not have. With style and emotional appeals, including the lack for attention, for prominence and the need to achieve, this Thermasilk ad lures in viewers in the attempt to stimulate feelings in their minds. In Advertisings Fifteen Basic Appeals, by Jib Fowels, he relies on style to add to the emotional appeals that illustrate advertisements. The advertiser used a stylistic approach to increase the attention the ad receives. As a means to support his use of style along with emotional appeals, Fowels states, roughly fifteen percent of all advertisements incorporate a celebrity, almost ever so from the fields of entertainment or sports. This other grouping of... ...and helps guide them towards their desired status. Fowels believes as time has gone by, buyers have become stoutly resistant to advertisements. In order to surpass this skepticism of advertisements, it is an advertisers respon sibility to renew that belief to increase the awareness of ads. This Thermasilk advertisement invokes feelings of recognition, importance and persistence in their viewers in order to captivate their audience. In attracting their audience, the ad also attempts to slip a memory of the advertisement into their minds and noticeably attracts people who are not completely satisfied with their looks and image. Works CitedFowels, Jib. Advertisings Fifteen Basic Appeals. Common Culture Reading andWriting About American Pop Culture. Ed. Michael Petracca and Madeline Sorapure. 4th ed. New island of Jersey Pearson/Prentice Hall, 1993. 78-96.

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois or W.E.B. Du Bois Essay -- William Ed

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois or W.E.B. Du BoisWilliam Edward Burghardt Du Bois known simply as W.E.B. was 83 when the government indicted him as a contrary agent in 1951. The notwithstanding crime he had committed, however, was circulating the Stockholm Appeal, which said any government to use an atomic weapon against another terra firma should be treated as a war criminal. After spending six months in disgrace and paying $35,150 for his defense, the government dismissed its case against him. The oldish man was freed and declared himself a communist 12 years later at age 93, dying in Ghana, a country that loved him. It was a sad end for an intellectual giant whom Kim Pearson, a professor of journalism at The College of New Jersey who teaches a class on Du Bois, calls, the premier African American intellectual of the 19th and 20th centuries.Born in Great Barrington, Mass. in 1868, during the era of Reconstruction, Du Bois maternal great-grandfather was born a slave and his f ather, Alfred, simply wandered absent when he was a boy, never coming back. Du Bois was reared on a farm by his mother Mary and experienced little racism. He would later swear that as a boy in Great Barrington, he had almost no experience of segregation or color discrimination.Even though Du Bois was the only black student in his graduating high school class of 12, Principal Frank A. Horner encouraged him to prepare for college. Du Bois headed to Nashville, Tennessee to the halls of Fisk University, an all-black school. There, he declared, I am a Negro. I glory in the name I am proud of the black blood that flows in my veins (I) have come here to join hands with my people. He graduated in 1888 and headed to Harvard. While there, he received a grant and loan to study at the University of Berlin, where he experienced little discrimination and became transfixed by European grievances against Jews. Reflecting on his stay at Berlin, Du Bois would say, I began to feel the dichotomy w hich all my life has characterized my thought how far can love for my oppressed race accord with love for the oppressing country? And when these loyalties diverge, where shall my soul find refuge?Du Bois earned his doctorate from Harvard in 1895 and his dissertation, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the unify States of America, 1638-1870, was hailed as the maiden scientific work authored by ... ... to result in the exacerbation of prejudice and inner conflict here in America. The case against Du Bois was last dismissed.Du Bois did not declare himself a communist until he was 93. He finished his autobiography in 1960 and declared, I now believe that private ownership of enceinte and free enterprise are leading the world to disaster. Democratic government in the United States has almost ceased to function. I shall therefore hereafter help the gratification of communism in every honest way that I can without deceit or hurt and in any way possible, without war and wit h free grace to all men of all colors, classes and creeds.Du Bois wrote a tremendous amount of material. Only a small number of his works have been considered in this short verbal description of his life. In his final years, Du Bois spent his time working on an Encyclopedia Africana, which he had unsuccessfully tried to begin without financial backing in 1909 and 1931. Kwame Nkrumah, the first premier of Ghana, invited him to live out his life in Ghana and offered him funding for the final project. Appropriately, news of Du Bois death in 1963 reached America as blacks and whites peacefully marched on Washington.

Urban Legend of the Kidney Thieves Essay -- Urban Legends

The Kidney ThievesUrban legends are apocryphal stories involving incidents of the recent past, often including elements of humor and horror that spread quickly and are popularly believed to be true (1). They reflect societys deepest fears and anxieties. One urban legend can be retold with different settings and people, but the central theme or idea remains constant. The address of these legends is the possibility they can be true and that they bring out the listeners deepest fears.The storyteller in the following urban legend is a nineteen-year old man from Annapolis, Maryland. He is currently a freshman at the University, majoring in mechanical engineering. His mother is a nurse and his father, a dentist. One dark Thursday night, he sits me drink in his dorm and tells me a chilling story in a hushed toneA couple years ago a acquaintance of one of my best friends traveled to L.A. on a business trip. One night he went to a bar that reminded him of one back in Annapolis. He went in and played a round of pool and won--the guy he beat offered him a round of drinks and they got to talking. They talked about home and after a hardly a(prenominal) more drinks, Bob lost track of time.The last thing he remembers is deciding to call it a night before everything went black. The next thing he knew he woke up in a strange hotel room with a pain in his lower back. He went to see a doctor who told him that he had had major surgery, and one of his kidneys had been removed cleanly and professionally. HISTORYWhile seemingly not a tale of the supernatural or of ghosts, this story definitely includes elements of the uncanny. many another(prenominal) versions of this story are circulated, and one potential source for the story dates to 1988.In 1989, ... ...nce to decide exactly who these menacing kidney thieves are. Works Cited(1) Websters New Millennium Dictionary of English, dawdler Edition. Lexico Publishing Group, 2004. http//dictionary.reference.com/search?q =urban%20legend. (2) Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. Youve Got to be Kidneying. Urban Legends Reference Pages, 2004. http//www.snopes.com/horrors/robbery/kidney.htm. (3) Emery, David. The Kidney Snatchers. About Inc, 2005. http//urbanlegends.about.com/library/weekly/aa062997b.htm. (4) Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. Organ Nicked Vegetable. Urban Legends Reference Pages, 2004. http//www.snopes.com/horrors/robbery/kidney2.htm. (5) NIH way out No. 034241. Your Kidneys and How They Work. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, 2003. http//kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/

The Defense of Marriage Act Violates the Civil Liberties of Same Sex Couples :: gay studies, gay marriage, argumentative

conjugal union is the religious and legal commitment between two people, as closely as the ultimate expression of love. However, marriages between same sex couples are not recognized by the federal government due to the Defense of Marriage Act. In essence, their civil right to be married is withheld from them. The Christian majoritys influence in federal policy and lawmaking is one of the foremost reason why same-sex marriage has continually failed to gain long term acceptance in the United States. Same-sex unions have come to the forefront of American politics in the decision couple of decades, but history has shown that it is a longstanding issue. The first historical mention of same-sex marriages occurred during the early Roman Empire. Emperors Nero and Elagabalus both married male slaves and historians are untold agreed that same-sex marriages were common. However as Christianity, then a in the buff religion, gained momentum, its sanctions against homosexuali ty eventually ensured that same-sex marriages lost favor. In fact, as new Emperors themselves were now Christians, a new law in the Theodosian Code was issued, prohibiting same-sex marriage and making the offense punishible by execution. Thus began a long history of Christian persecution of homosexuals. Today, the most common remonstrance to same sex marriage again seems to arise from religious doctrine. Opponents argue that same sex marriage not only infringes on religious exemption and that such unions are in contradiction to the biblical purpose of marriage, but will also have the effect of normalizing and encouraging homosexual behavior. However, many Christian leaders have spoken out in support of same sex marriage, going so far as to state that it would only substantiate marriage as an institution. Christian supporters also note that in widely respected works of biblical records the term homosexual is never used, affirming the claims that the term is real a mistranslat ion from the original text of the bible. They further attest that since the original authors of the bible never use the term homosexual, the bible cannot therefore forbid homosexuality and by extention, same-sex marriage. Furthermore, The Church of Canada, many Quaker organization, The Church of Christ, The Metropolitan Community Church and some Catholic theologians have openly supported and approved same-sex marriages. The legal issues touch same-sex marriage in the United States are complicated by the nations federal government system of government.

The Defense of Marriage Act Violates the Civil Liberties of Same Sex Couples :: gay studies, gay marriage, argumentative

Marriage is the religious and legal commitment between two people, as well as the ultimate verbiage of love. However, couplings between same sex couples are not recognized by the federal government due to the Defense of Marriage Act. In essence, their civil decent to be married is withheld from them. The Christian majoritys influence in federal policy and lawmaking is one of the foremost reason why same-sex marriage has continually failed to plus long term acceptance in the coupled States. Same-sex unions have come to the forefront of American politics in the last couple of decades, but muniment has shown that it is a longstanding issue. The first historical mention of same-sex marriages occurred during the early Roman Empire. Emperors Nero and Elagabalus both married male slaves and historians are much agreed that same-sex marriages were common. However as Christianity, then a new religion, gained momentum, its sanctions against homosexuality eventually ensured that same-sex marriages lost favor. In fact, as new Emperors themselves were now Christians, a new law in the Theodosian label was issued, prohibiting same-sex marriage and making the offense punishible by execution. Thus began a long history of Christian persecution of homosexuals. Today, the most common objection to same sex marriage again seems to arise from religious doctrine. Opponents argue that same sex marriage not only infringes on religious freedom and that such unions are in contradiction to the biblical purpose of marriage, but will also have the effect of normalizing and encouraging homosexual behavior. However, many Christian leaders have intercommunicate out in support of same sex marriage, going so far as to state that it would only strengthen marriage as an institution. Christian supporters also note that in widely respected works of biblical records the term homosexual is never used, affirming the claims that the term is actually a mistranslation from the o riginal textual matter of the bible. They further attest that since the original authors of the bible never use the term homosexual, the bible cannot therefore forbid homosexuality and by extention, same-sex marriage. Furthermore, The Church of Canada, many ally organization, The Church of Christ, The Metropolitan Community Church and some Catholic theologians have openly supported and approved same-sex marriages. The legal issues surrounding same-sex marriage in the United States are complicated by the nations federal government system of government.

Dsm-Iv Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa DSM-IV Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa A) Refusal to maintain body weight at or supra a minimally normal weight for age and height. Weight issue leading to maintenance of body weight less(prenominal) than 85% of that expected or failure to make weight gain during period of growth leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected. B) Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though under -weight. C) Disturbance in the way ones body weight or shape is experient undue influence of body weight on self -evaluation or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. DSM-IV) The Diagnostic and Statistical manual(a) contains 3 eradicateing disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Although Anorexia Nervosa (AN) will be the focus of this report it is worth noting the 3 disorders are in truth similar and in fact Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified is the name given to the disorder when only 1 criterion for AN is hopeing(p) for example if a patients weight loss is still in the normal range despite significant weight loss or if a patient still menstruates.Bulimia Nervosa is when the patient excessively over-eats and purges but does not experience significant weight loss. (Franco 2012) Main Symptoms The main symptom is extreme thinness that has no aesculapian cause and usually a pre-occupation with food. AN seems like a physical illness when in fact it is a psychological one. Heart-rhythm disturbances digestive abnormalities bone density loss anemia and hormonal and electrolyte imbalances are the most common physical symptoms and in severe cases organ failure can lead to death.The patient will very(prenominal) rarely present to the Doctor for treatment alone due to denial of having a problem cosmos an intrinsic part of the illness. Young patients will a lot be taken to the Doctor by a concerned parent with the usual symptoms being a sudden withdrawal from family or friends an d a overleap of interest in formerly enjoyed activities as well as significant weight loss. (Phillips 2010)Bulimia and AN go hand in hand with m whatsoever overlapping symptoms such as disordered thinking. Up to 50% of patients with AN develop bulimia and a smaller percentage of patients who are initially bulimic develop AN. (Franco) AN sufferers have an exceedingly distorted perception of themselves. Where others whitethorn see a once beautiful girl wasting away the patient may perceive that she is succeeding at looking after herself and has enormous self -control that others lack. (Watters 2010) Men or boys who have AN tend to have other psychological problems while women and girls are more probably to be perfectionist and displeased with their bodies. Dryden-Edwards 2012) Bio-Psycho-Social Factors AN is the most obvious physically but attempting to treat just the biological symptoms will have little long term effect. Studies educe social factors are what cause AN and indeed AN is little known in non-industrialised countries that do not subscribe to a Hollywood ideal of beauty which is indulgent to see is unattainable by the fairish person due to the unrealness of it. Not even the celebrities look like their on-screen personas in real life thanks to picture shopping and professional make-up artists.Its good to see Australian teen magazines are helping their target audience develop a robust body image by having something called a reality check alert. If the magazine is sent a celeb picture that has already been re-touched they will print a little disclaimer next to it reminding their readers its not natural. A healthy body image is the first step to preventing AN and Bulimia. Edward Shorter a medical historian works today believes that illnesses like AN are a culturally agreed-upon expression of internal distress.Richard Gordon writes in Eating Disorders-Anatomy of a Social Epidemic Individuals with pre-existing bodily fluid or anxiety disorders or a whole host of under-lying psychopathologies or developmental vulnerabilities histories of sexual abuse or familial concerns with weight control may be pre-disposed to adopting such culturally sanctioned behaviours as modes of managing unbearable levels of distress. (Watters 2010) This means that social factors are probably the most important aspect of why this fussy illness developed but the propensity to develop a culturally specific disorder came from psychological issues.This does not make the illness any less real or deserving of medical care just that practitioners need to develop a care plan based on a holistic approach and recognise that the starvation is secondary to psychological issues. The quotes are not meant to downplay the role body image has in the illness but thither may be more at stake than poor body image that the sufferer has poorly defined knowings of inadequacy that find a culturally recognised home in AN. AN has the highest incidence of suicide than any other mental illness and sufferers are 32 more times likely than average to commit suicide. Butterfly Foundation) Past Treatment Anorexia-type symptoms began presenting to doctors in adolescent girls during the 1850s at the height of the Hysteria epidemic. At first it was a strange revelation of the well -known womens illness (well known at the time-it has disappeared from the medical canon today) but by 1860 it was becoming common for young women to starve themselves. In 1873 the baffle for AN that we would recognise today became well known but with the name Hysterical Anorexia.Treatment was usually hospitalisation with Doctors reporting being perplexed that their patients did not seem to want to get well. Treatments in the 1970s tended to conform to the medical model with enforced hospitalisation and force feeding. (Watters 2010) Todays Treatment Today individual and family counsel is just as important as nutrition direction. Many sufferers display perfectionist tendancies so Cognitive Behavioral Therapy seems to be the most effective treatment in helping sufferers understand their irrational thought patterns.The average patient suffers from AN for 7 years and while 5% of the population may have AN at any time the illness has a 15%-20% mortality rate (Butterfly Foundation) which makes it the highest mortality rate of any mental illness so early detection and treatment is essential for a positive prognosis. Significant Behaviours One of the hardest behaviours for family and friends of sufferers to understand or come to terms with is the patients preoccupation with food but refusal to eat it.The sufferer shows signs of being compulsive when it comes to food working out how many calories each portion of food contains and devising a diet and slavishly sticking to it and punishing themselves if they eat likewise much for example an unplanned piece of birthday cake. AN sufferers are often addicted to exercise and will exercise up to 6 hours a day. AN suffere s necessarily have to lie to family and friends about their behaviour and this can create another level of strain on the patient as they are often high achievers and good girls and in fact sufferers redominately come from the middle and upper socio-economic classes and more often than not have high levels of academic success. (Dryden-Edwards 2012) Personal Qualities and skipper Skills As a case worker one needs to be prepared to work with family and friends of your client in a way that you may feel conflicts with confidentiality issues. The important thing is keeping your client alive while helping her find a psychiatrist or psychologist who can help her get to the fag of the underlying issues.A lot of patience will be required on a personal level and if you feel the impulse to grab your client and energise her and cry why wont you eat dammit perhaps a little research wont go astray. The otherside to that is not to become too emotionally involved. Hopefully her family and friends are a strong support but otherwise find out about support groups for your client but listen the pro-ana groups that are trying to turn an illness that claims many beautiful young people and turn it into a lifestyle choice. 1225 words References and Bibliography Mum Please overhaul Phillips Karen Webster Irina MD.Clearview Books 2010. Crazy like us- The Globalization of the American Psyche Watters Ethan. Free Press 2010 Case Studies in Abnormal Psychology Oltmanns Thomas F. Neale John M. Davison Gerald C. John Wiley & Sons 2003 Anorexia Nervosa Dryden Edwards Roxanne MD httpwww. medicinet. com Retrieved 10/11/2012 Eating Disorders Franco Kathleen N. http www. clevelandclinicmeded. com Retrieved 10/11/2012 DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa Taken from DSM-IV http www. medicalcriteria. com Created 3/7/2005 Retrieved 10/11/2012 www. butterfly foundation. com Site dedicated to education about Anorexia

Media essay comparing Essay

The use of this threat, which suggests cannibalism, something that still horrifies a lot of people, is particularly effective and still used in films such as silence of the lambs. Pip certainly portrays an effective show of fear. In the 1997 mutation Finn, quite looks well cared for and certainly able to defend himself. When Robert De Niro enters as Magwitch he does look rather rough and his use of very graphic language is meant to be representative of the fact that he is not well educated where as in the David prevail version even though Magwitch was ill mannered he did not swear.When grabbed by Magwitch Finn doesnt look quite as scared as he is meant to. He is not able to answer question except to nod or make some gurgling noises as Magwitchs hand is covering his lecture all the while. As the 1944 version follows the novel closely the convict is able to pick Pip up and place him on a tombstone and shimmy him back to a position where he (the convict) is Pips only support and t he fact that throughout the whole rough treatment he gets from Magwitch he is constantly polite and uses the respectful title sir, when it is quite clear that Magwitch is no gentleman makes the audience feel even more sympathetic towards him.As the 1997 version of the celluloid is shot at a beach there is no way that Magwitch could befuddle picked Finn up and place him on a tombstone, although in my credit he could have tilted him back from the boat nearby so that if Magwitch let go he would fall into the ocean. As for body language on the whole I conceptualise that Pip was able to demonstrate his fear far better than Finn in the 1997 version. I found the actions and body language of Magwitch as daunting in both films.In the 1944 version we do not get to see the Convicts face properly which leads the audience think of him as a very sinister and frightening figure, as on could imagine him in anyway they like. To oppose that we see Pips face quite clear and the fear etched into it. In the 1997 version we have only a fleeing vision of the convicts face before the camera zooms in on Pips face and w can only see the convicts hand which is covering his moth. I believe the 1944 version was more successful in creating a Magwitch that was fearsome to all.I believe estimateing had a hug part to play in this as well, because I had grown p watching Robert De Niro movies and I have seen him appear in many of my favourite movies in the role of many of my favourite characters and it was very inviolable for me to think of him as the evil and sinister expression Magwitch as I had other impressions from him. On the other hand as the 1944 version was made years before I was born I had no idea who the actors were and I had no impressions of them before I watched the movie and I am sure if I come crossways a movie with Finlay Currie cast in a different role I would still think of hi as Abel Magwitch.People usually go to movies to escape their reality for a brief spell o f time, the fact that David Lean chose to have his cast wearing Victorian customs makes it easier for the audience to feel transported into another era easier than the 1997 version where the manager chose to have the costumes modernized along with everything else. On the whole I think that David Leans version of Great Expectations was more successful in creating tension and suspense.The fact that the movie is in black and white and that it portrays grim and harsh surroundings as opposed to the beautiful and sunny location of the 1997 version of the film where it was very hard for me to feel the slightest bit of tension although there was a considerable amount produced by the sudden appearance of the convict I didnt feel it was adequacy or that it did any justice to the book which in my opinion is one of the best ever written and nowadays I often come across writers who have tried to reproduce novels the same way Dickens did.I preferred the 1944 David Lean version because I felt it did justice to the book and gratify my expectations in creating a cataclysm of mounting tension. Niloofar Bozorgi 10R 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of bunk is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Mineral Particles Derived From Rocks Environmental Sciences Essay

Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. Introduction shits be placid of five chief constituents ( Sinha and Shrivastava, 2000 ) mineral atoms derived from stones by enduring original stuffs humus from dead and disintegrating flora stuff ninny piss in which alimentary elements be dissolved diddlyshit nervous st rainwater both C dioxide and O and populating organisms including bacteriums that help flora decom survey. solid grounds differ in their birth invest degrees, because they get under ones skin contrasting proportions of these constituents and because the mineral atoms harbour been affected to different values by enduring. Age of whoreson minerals, predominating temperatures, rainfall, leaching and shucksy physico-chemistry be the chief factors which determine how much a peculiar tinkers dam will endure ( Sinha and Shrivastava, 2000 ) .Soil thusly, is of aftermath to everyone either straight or in unionisely. It is the natural organic structures on which agricu ltural merchandises grow and it has handsome ecosystem ( Sinha and Shrivastava, 2000 ) . South Africa ranks among the states with the highest identify of income inequality in the universe ( Aliber, 2009 ) . Compargond to other in-between income states, it has highly high degrees of absolute poorness and nutritive insecurity menace ( FAO, 2009 ) . As portion of this, a possible subscriber to nutrient security might be gloomy-scale agricultural business. Aliber ( 2009 ) indicated that input support aiming smallholder husbandmans could hike payoff and nutrient security. Use of uncultivated productive lands and subsistence agribusiness might be one option to lend to incomes and/or nest eggs, every bit good as to promote nutrient variegation ( Altman et al. , 2009 ) . Land with high agricultural suitableness is considered to hold greater long-run security with respects to both agricultural production and phylogeny. From a planning position, high agricultural flexibleness is hence considered an appropriate step of high quality agricultural land that is extremely productive and fertile. unless a little proportion of universe s horseshits leave a in truth good degree of birth rate, most of which have merely good to strength fertility rate and some have really low birthrate, and argon frequently referred to as fringy diddlys ( Ashman and Puri, 2002 ) . Well-known fertile filths argon deep alluvial shits make from river system, organic matter- rich diddly-shits on loess stuff, alimentary rich Vertisols and vol stackic shits ( Brady and Weil, 2004 ) . Under hapless direction, dirt birthrate brush off be earnestly depleted and dirts whitethorn go useless for agribusiness.2.2. SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMISTRYSoil is a natural medium on which agricultural merchandises grow and it is calculateent on several factors much(prenominal) as birthrate to be considered productive ( Shah et al. , 2011 ) . The birthrate of the dirt is depended on concent correspondencen of dirt foods, organic and inorganic stuffs and pee. These soil physico-chemical belongingss atomic number 18 classified as being physical, chemical and biological, which greatly influence dirt birthrate ( Ramaru et al. , 2000 ) . To pull off dirt birthrate, cognition and apprehension of these belongingss is required ( as discussed below ) .2.2.1. Physical dirt belongingss( I ) stern food grainSoil texture refers to the comparative proportions of the assorted sizing groups of single atoms or grains in a dirt ( Rowell, 1994 ) . It is dependent on the mixture of the different atom sizes present in the dirt. Based on these different sizes, dirt atoms are classified as vertebral column ( 0.05- 2mm ) , silt ( 0.002-0,5mm ) and system ( & lt 0,002mm ) ( Rowell, 1994 ) . Soil texture is arguably the individual most of import physical belongings of the dirt in footings of dirt birthrate, because it influences several other dirt belongingss including meanness, porousness, piss and a limentary tutelage, rate of organic action decomposition, infiltration and cation exchange capacity ( Moberg et al. , 1999 ) .Clay particles keep larger measures of water supply and foods, because of their big surface countries ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . This belongings causes the puffiness and shrinkage of dust dirts, but merely those with smectitic group of stiff minerals. The big surface country of clay atoms gives foods legion adhering sites particularly when the surface charge denseness is high, which is portion of the state that mulct textured dirts have such high abilities to retain foods ( Velde, 1995 ) . The pores between clay atoms are really little and complex, so relocation of both straining and weewee is really slow ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Clay atoms are negatively charged because of their mineralogical composing. Dirts with such atoms normally have high CEC and can retain H2O and work foods therefore such dirts are considered to be fertile and good for w orks outgrowth ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .The cognition of the proportions of different-sized atoms in dirts is vituperative to understand dirt behaviour and their direction. Since sand atoms are comparatively big, so are the nothingnesss between them, which promote free waste pipe of H2O and entry of air into the dirt ( Brady and Weil, 2002 ) . The deduction of free drainage in flaxen dirt is that dirt foods are easy washed down into the dirt and go unaccessible for usage by workss ( Brady and Weil, 2002 ) . Sandy dirts are considered non-cohesive and because of their big size, have low specific surface countries and therefore have low alimentary keeping capacity ( Rowell, 1994 ) . Sand atoms can keep small H2O due to low specific surface country and are prone to drought, hence have a really low CEC and birthrate position ( Petersen et al. , 1996 ) .The pores between silt atoms are much smaller than those in sand, so silt retains more(prenominal) H2O and foods ( Rowell, 1994 ) . Soils rule by silt atoms hence have a high birthrate position than sandy dirts and provides favourable conditions for works maturement when other growing factors are favourable ( Miller and Donahue, 1992 ) .( two ) Dirt reflexionThe term dirt construction refers to the agreement of dirt atoms into sums ( Six et al. , 2000 ) . Dirt construction is affected by biological activities, organic closeness, and cultivation patterns ( Rowell, 1994 ) . It influences soil H2O motion and keeping, eroding, alimentary recycling, sealing and crusting of the dirt surface, together with aeration and dirt s geomorphologic shelterness, root incursion and harvest output ( Lupwayi et al. , 2001 ) .Dirt construction can be platy, prismatic, farinaceous, crumbly, columnar and blocky ( RCEP, 1996 ) . An ideal dirt construction for works growing is frequently described as farinaceous or crumb-like, because it provides good motion for air and H2O through a assortment of different pore sizes and it s imilarly affects root incursion ( RCEP, 1996 ) . An ideal dirt construction is besides stable and immune to eroding ( Duiker et al. , 2003 ) . thoroughgoing liaison and humification procedures improve structural stableness, and can reconstruct debauched dirt constructions ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Therefore it is censorious to re magical spell or make sense organic stuff to the dirt and to keep its biological activity in order to heighten dirt construction for works growing. Favorable dirt construction and high sum stableness are hence critical to bettering dirt birthrate, increasing agronomic productiveness, heightening porousness and diminishing erodibility.( three ) weewee keeping capacityWater keeping capacity refers to the measure of H2O that the dirt is capable of hive awaying for usage by workss ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Soil H2O is held in, and flows through pore infinites in dirts. Soil H2O can be described into the undermentioned phases gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic, based upon the postal code with which H2O is held by the dirt solids, which in bend g everywherens their behaviour and availability to workss ( Rowell, 1994 ) .Water keeping capacity is an of import factor in the pick of workss or harvests to be grown and in the design and direction of irrigation systems ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . The entire sum of H2O available to workss turning in field dirts is a map of the rooting deepness of the works and amount of the H2O held between field capacity and wilting per centum in each of the skylines explored by the roots ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Field capacity is the sum of dirt wet or H2O content held in dirt after(prenominal) extra H2O has dead off and the rate of downward motion has materially decreased, which normally takes topographic point within 2-3 yearss after a rain or irrigation in pervious dirts of unvarying construction and texture ( Govers, 2002 ) .The ability of the dirt to supply H2O for workss is an of import b irthrate characteristic ( RCEP, 1996 ) . The capacity for H2O storage varies, depending on dirt belongingss such as organic skirmish, dirt texture, bulk denseness, and dirt construction ( RCEP, 1996 ) . This is explained by the grade of dirt compression, where jobs will mount if inordinate compression occurs which would consequences in developmentd major(ip)ity denseness, a lessening in porousness and aeration and hapless H2O drainage ( Gregory et al. , 2006 ) , all ensue in hapless works growing.( four ) Electrical Conductivity ( EC )Soil electrical conduction ( EC ) , is the ability of dirt to carry on electrical menstruum ( Doerge, 1999 ) . EC is expressed in milliSiemens per metre ( mS/m ) or cen sequenceter ( cm/m ) . Traditionally, dirt scientists apply EC to gauge dirt brininess ( Doerge, 1999 ) . EC measurings besides have the potency for gauging fluctuation in some of the dirt physical belongingss such as dirt wet and porousness, in a field where dirt salt is non a j ob ( Farahani and Buchleiter, 2004 ) . Soil salt refers to the presence of major dissolved inorganic solutes in the dirt aqueous stage, which consist of soluble and readily dissoluble salts including charged species ( e.g. , Na+ , K+ , Mg+2, Ca+2, Cla? , HCO3a? , NO3a? , SO4a?2 and CO3a?2 ) , non-ionic solutes, and ions that combine to organize ion braces ( metalworker and Doran, 1996 ) .Salt tolerances are normally given in footings of the phase of works growing over a kitchen stove of electrical conduction ( EC ) degrees. EC greater than 4dS/m are considered saline ( Munshower, 1994 ) . Salt sensitive workss whitethorn be affected by conductions below 4dS/m and salt kind species may non be relateed by concentrations of up to twice this maximal agricultural tolerance bound ( Munshower, 1994 ) . Electrical conduction is the ability of a rootage to stockpile an electrical current. The conductivity of electricity in dirt takes topographic point through the moisture-filled pores that occur between single dirt atoms. Therefore, the EC of dirt is obstinate by the undermentioned dirt belongingss ( Doerge, 1999 ) . Porosity, where the greater dirt porousness, the more easy electricity is conducted. Soil with high clay content has higher porousness than sandier dirt. compression usually increases dirt EC.. Water content, dry dirt is much lower in conduction than damp dirt.. Salinity degree, increasing concentration of electrolytes ( salts ) in dirt H2O will dramatically increase dirt EC.. Cation exchange capacity ( CEC ) , mineral dirt incorporating high degrees of organic affair ( humus ) and/or 21 clay minerals such as montmorillonite, illite, or vermiculite hold a much higher ability to retain positively charged ions ( such as Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH4, or H ) than dirt missing these components. The presence of these ions in the moisture-filled dirt pores will heighten dirt EC in the same manner that salt does.. Temperature, as temperature decreases toward the sto p deading point of H2O, dirt EC decreases some. Below freeze, dirt pores become progressively insulated from each other and overall dirt EC declines quickly.Plants are harmfully affected, both physically and chemically, by extra salts in some dirts and by high degrees of convertible Na in others. Dirty with an accretion of exchangeable Na are frequently characterized by hapless tilth and low permeableness and hence low dirt birthrate position, doing them unfavourable for works growing ( Munshower, 1994 ) .( V ) Bulk Density ( BD )Soil majority denseness is defined as the mass of dry dirt ( g ) per unit volume ( cm3 ) and is routinely used as a step of dirt compression ( Gregory et al. , 2006 ) . The entire volume includes atom volume, inter-particle nothingness volume and internal pore volume ( Gregory et al. , 2006 ) . Bulk denseness takes into history solid infinite every bit good as pore infinite ( Greenland, 1998 ) . Therefore soils that are porous or well-aggregated ( e.g. cla y dirt ) will hold lower majority densenesss than dirts that are non aggregated ( sand ) ( Greenland, 1998 ) .Plant roots can non perforate compacted dirt every bit freely as they would in non-compacted dirt, which limits their entree to H2O and foods present in sub-soil and inhibits their growing ( Hagan et al. , 2010 ) . Compacted dirt requires more frequent applications of irrigation and fertiliser to prolong works growing, which can increase overflow and food degrees in overflow ( Gregory et al. , 2006 ) .The majority denseness of dirt depends greatly on the dirt s mineral make up and the grade of compression. High bulk denseness normally indicate a poorer environment for root growing, reduced aeration and unwanted alterations in hydrologic map, such as decreased infiltration ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . The presence of dirt organic affair, which is well lighter than mineral dirt, can assist diminish bulk denseness and thereby heightening dirt birthrate ( Hagan et al. , 2010 ) .2. 2.2. Soil Chemical belongingssSoil chemical belongingss which include the concentrations of foods, cations, anions, ion exchange reactions and oxidation-reduction belongingss, but for the intent of this survey focal point will be based on belongingss that have an deduction on dirt birthrate including( I ) Soil pHSoil pH is an of import dirt belongings that affects several dirt reactions and procedures and is defined as a step of the sourness or alkalinity of the dirt ( Bohn, 2001 ) . It has considerable consequence on dirt procedures including ion exchange reactions and alimentary availableness ( Rowell, 1994 ) . Soil pH is thrifty on a graduated table of 0 to 14, where a pH of 7.0 is considered impersonal, readings higher than 7.0 are alkalic, and readings lower than 7.0 are considered acerbic ( McGuiness, 1993 ) .Most workss are tolerant of a pH scope of 5.5-6.5 which is near impersonal pH scope ( Bohn, 2001 ) . Soil pH is one of the most of import features of dirt birthrate, be cause it has a direct impact on alimentary handiness and works growing. Most foods are more soluble in acid dirts than in impersonal or somewhat alkalic dirts ( Bohn, 2001 ) . In strongly acidic soils the handiness of macronutrients ( Ca, Mg, K, P, N and S ) every bit good as Mo and B is reduced. In contrast, handiness of micronutrient cations ( Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Al ) is increased by low dirt pH, even to the extent of toxicity of higher workss and micro-organisms ( Bohn, 2001 ) .The pH of a dirt is besides account to impact so many other dirt belongingss ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) , including alimentary handiness, effects on dirt beings, Fungis thrive in acidic dirts, CEC and works penchants of either acidic or alkalic dirts. Most workss prefer alkaline dirts, but there are a few which need acidic dirts and will decease if set(p) in an alkaline environment ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .( two ) Cation Exchange Capacity ( CEC )Cation exchange capacity is defined as the amount of the sum o f the exchangeable cations that a dirt can keep or adsorb ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . A cation is a positively charged ion and most foods cations are Ca2+ , Mg2+ , K + , NH4+ , Zn2+ , Cu2+ , and Mn2+ . These cations are in the dirt solution and are in dynamic equilibrium with the cations adsorbed on the surface of clay and organic affair ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .Clay and organic affair are the chief beginnings of CEC ( Peinemann et al. , 2002 ) . The more clay and organic affair ( humus ) a dirt contains, the higher its CEC and the greater the possible birthrate of that dirt. CEC varies harmonizing to the type of clay. It is highest in montmorillonite clay, lowest in to a great extent weathered kaolinite clay and somewhat higher in the lupus erythematosus weathered illite clay ( Peinemann et al. , 2002 ) . Sand atoms have no capacity to interchange cations because it has no electrical charge ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .CEC is used as a step of dirt alimentary keeping capacity, and the capacity to protect groundwater from cation taint ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . It buffers fluctuations in alimentary handiness and dirt pH ( Bergaya and Vayer, 1997 ) . Plants obtain many of their foods from dirt by an electrochemical procedure called cation exchange. This procedure is the key to understanding dirt birthrate ( Rowell, 1994 ) . Foods that are held by charges on a dirt are termed exchangeable as they become readily available to workss ( Rowell, 1994 ) .The higher the CEC of a dirt, the more foods it is likely to keep and the higher will be its birthrate degree ( Fullen and Catt, 2004 ) .Factors impacting cation exchange capacityThe factors impacting cation exchange capacity include the undermentioned ( Brady and Weil 1999 ) , dirt texture, dirt humus content, nature of clay and dirt reaction.Soil texture influences the CEC of dirts in a manner that it increases when dirt s per centum of clay additions i.e. the finer the dirt texture, the higher the CEC as indicated in get across 2. CEC depends on the nature of clay minerals present, since each mineral has its ain capacity to exchange and keep cations e.g. the CEC of a dirt dominated by vermiculite is much higher than the CEC of other dirt dominated by kaolinite, as vermiculite is high activity clay unlike kaolinte which is low activity clay. When the pH of dirt additions, more H+ ions split up from the clay minerals particularly kaolinite, therefore the CEC of dirt dominated by kaolinite besides increases. CEC varies harmonizing to the type of dirt. Humus, the terminal merchandise of decomposed organic affair, has the highest CEC value because organic affair colloids have big measures of negative charges. Humus has a CEC two to five times greater than montmorillonite clay and up to 30 times greater than kaolinite clay, so is really of import in bettering dirt birthrate.Table 2.1 CEC values for different dirt textures ( Brady and Weil, 1999 )Dirt textureCEC scope ( meq/100g dirt )Sand2-4Sandy loam2-12Loam7-16Silt loam9-26Clay, clay loam4-60( three ) complete MatterThe importance of dirt organic affair in relation to dirty birthrate andphysical status is widely recognized in agribusiness. However, organic affaircontributes to the birthrate or productiveness of the dirt through its positiveeffects on the physical, chemical and biological belongingss of the dirt ( Rowell, 1994 ) , as follows physical stabilizes dirt construction, improves H2O keeping features, lowers bulk denseness, dark colour may change thermic belongingss chemical higher CEC, acts as a pH buffer, ties up metals, interacts with biological supplies energy and body-building components for dirt beings, increases microbic populations and their activities, beginning and sink for foods, ecosystem resiliency, affects dirt enzymes. Soil organic affair consists of a broad scope of organic substances, including populating beings, carboneous remains of beings which one time occupied the dirt, and organic compou nds produced by current and past metamorphosis of the dirt ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .Soil organic affair plays a critical function in dirt procedures and is a cardinal component of incorporate dirt birthrate direction ( ISFM ) ( Brady and Weil, 2004 ) . Organic affair is widely considered to be the individual most of import advocate of dirt birthrate and productiveness ( Rowell, 1994 ) . It consists chiefly of decayed or disintegrating works and animate being residues and is a really of import dirt constituent. Benefits of Organic affair in dirt harmonizing to Ashman and Puri, ( 2002 ) include increasing the dirt s cation exchange capacity and moving as nutrient for dirt beings from bacteriums to worms and is an of import constituent in the food and C rhythms.Organic affair, like clay, has a high surface country and is negatively charged with a high CEC, doing it an first-class provider of foods to workss. In add-on, as organic affair decomposes, it releases foods such as N, P and S that are bound in the organic affair s construction, basically copy a slow release fertiliser ( Myers, 1995 ) . Organic affair can besides keep big sums of H2O, which helps foods move from dirt to works roots ( Mikkuta, 2004 ) .An of import feature of organic affair in dirt birthrate is C N ratio. The C N ratio in organic affair of cultivable surface skylines normally ranges from 81 to 151, the average being near 121 ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . The C N ratio in organic residues apply to dirts is of import for two grounds intense competition among the microorganisms for available dirt N which occurs when residues holding a high Degree centigrade N ratio are added to dirts and it besides helps find their rate of decay and the rate at which N is made available to workss ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .( four ) Plant FoodsPlants require 13 works foods ( Table 2.2 ) ( micro and macro foods ) for their growing. Each is every bit of import to the works, yet each is required in immensely differ ent sums ( Ronen, 2007 ) .Essential elements are chemical elements that workss need in order to finish their normal life rhythm ( Scoones and Toulhim, 1998 ) . The maps of these elements in the works can non be fulfilled by another, therefore doing each component necessity for works growing and development ( Scoones and Toulhim, 1998 ) .Essential foods are divided into macro and micronutrients as illustrated in Table 3. Macronutrients are those that are required in comparatively high measures for works growing and can be distinguish into two bomber groups, primary and secondary 1s, ( Uchida and Silva, 2000 ) . The primary macro-elements are most often required for works growing and besides needed in the greatest entire measure by workss. For most harvests, secondary macro foods are needed in lesser sums than the primary foods. The 2nd group of works foods which are micronutrients are needed merely in hint sums ( Scoones and Toulhim, 1998 ) . These micronutrients are required in real ly little sums, but they are merely every bit of import to works development and profitable harvest production as the major foods ( Ronen, 2007 ) .CategorizationComponentFunction in works growingBeginningLack symptoms and toxicitiesMacro foods PrimaryNitrogen ( N )chlorophyll and Protein make-up note/Soil, applied fertilizerswearisome growing, stunted workss, greensickness, low protein contentPhosphorus ( P )Photosynthesis, Stimulates early growing and root formation, hastens adulthoodDirt and applied fertilizersSlow growing, delayed harvest adulthood, purple green colour of foliagesPotassium ( K )Photosynthesis and nzyme activity, amylum and sugar formation, root growingDirt and applied fertilizersSlow growing, Reduced disease or plague opposition, development of white and xanthous musca volitanss on foliagesMacrofoods secondaryCalcium ( Ca )Cell growing and constituent of cell wallDirtWeakened roots, decease of workss turning points, unnatural dark green visual aspect on leaf m illigram ( Mg )Enzyme activation, photosynthesis and influence Nitrogen metamorphosisDirtInterveinal greensickness in older foliages,curling of foliages, stunted growing,Sulfur ( S )Amino acids, proteins and nodule formationDirt and carnal manureInterveinal greensickness on maize foliages, retarded growing, delayed adulthood and visible radiation viridities to yellowish colour in girlish foliagesMicronutrients necessityIron ( Fe )Photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, component of assorted enzymes and proteinsDirtInterveinal greensickness, yellowing of foliages between venas, twig dieback, decease of full hitch or workssManganese ( Mn )Enzyme activation, metamorphosis of N and organic acids, formation of vitamins and dislocation of saccharidesDirtInterveinal greensickness of immature foliages, step of picket green colour with darker colour next to venas coat ( Zn )Enzymes and auxins constituent, protein synthesis, used in formation of growing endocrinesDirtMottled foliages, dieback branchlets, lessening in root lengthCopper ( Cu )Enzyme activation, accelerator for public discussionDirtScrawny growing, hapless pigmentation, wilting of foliagesBoron ( B )ReproductionDirtThickened, curled, wilted and greensick foliages reduced blossomingMolybdenum ( Mo )Nitrogen arrested development nitrate decrease and works growingDirtStunting and deficiency of energy ( induced by nitrogen lack ) , searing, cupping or turn overing of foliagesChlorine ( Cl )Root growing, photosynthetic reactionsDirtWilting followed by greensickness, inordinate ramification of sidelong roots, bronzing of foliagesExtra foodsCarbon ( C )Component of saccharides and photosynthesisAir/ Organic affairHydrogen ( H )Maintains osmotic balance and component of saccharidesWater/Organic affairOxygen ( O )Component of saccharides and necessary for ventilationAir/Water/ Organic affairTable 2.2 Essential works elements, their beginnings and function in workss ( Ronen,2007 )Lack of any of these indispensab le foods will retard works development ( Brady and Weil, 2004 ) . Deficiencies and toxicities of foods in dirt present unfavourable conditions for works growing, such as hapless growing, yellowing of the foliages and perchance the decease of the works as illustrated in Table 3 ( Ahmed et al. , 1997 ) . Therefore proper alimentary direction is required to accomplish upper limit works growing, maximal economic and growing response by the harvest, and besides for minimal environmental impact.In add-on to the foods listed supra, workss require C, H, and O, which are extracted from air and H2O to do up the majority of works weight ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Achieving balance between the alimentary demands of workss and the alimentary militias in dirts is indispensable for keeping dirt birthrate and high outputs, forestalling environmental taint and debasement, and prolonging agricultural production over the long term.2.2.3. Soil Biological belongingss( I ) Soil beingsSoil beings include largely microscopic populating beings such as bacteriums and Fungis which are the foundation of a healthy dirt because they are the primary decomposer of organic affair ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Soil beings are grouped into two viz. soil micro-organisms and dirt macro beings ( Table 2.3 ) .Table 2.3 Dirt Macro and micro-organisms and their function in works and dirt ( Brady and Weil, 1999 )CategorizationOrganismsFunction in works and/or dirtBeginningMicroorganismsBacteriasDecomposition of organic affairSoil surface and humus atomsActinomycetesBeginning of protein and enhance dirt birthrateSurface beds of grass landsFungus kingdomsFix atmospheric N and enhance dirt birthrateSoil ( without organic affair )AlgaAdd organic affair to dirty, better aeration of swamp dirts, and repair atmospheric NMoist dirtsMacro-organismsNematodesThey can be applied to harvests in big measures as a biological insect powderDirt and works rootsEarthwormsEnhance dirt birthrate and structural stablenessAera ted dirtsAnts and white antsSoil developmentDominant in tropical dirtsDirt can incorporate 1000000s of beings that feed off disintegrating stuff such as old works stuff, mulch & A unrefined compost ( Ashman and Puri, 2002 ) , Microorganisms constitute & lt 0.5 % of the dirt mass yet they have a major impact on dirt belongingss and procedures. 60-80 % of the entire dirt metamorphosis is due to the microflora ( Alam, 2001 ) . Micro-organisms, including Fungis and bacteriums, affect chemical exchanges between roots and dirt and act as modesty of dirt foods ( Kiem and Kandeler, 1997 ) .Soil organic affair is the chief nutrient and energy beginning of dirt micro-organisms ( Ashman and Puri, 2002 ) . Through decomposition of organic affair, micro-organisms take up their nutrient elements. Organic affair besides serves as a beginning of energy for both macro and micro beings and helps in executing assorted good maps in dirt, ensuing in extremely productive dirt ( Mikutta et al. , 2004 ) .Macro-organisms such as insects, other arthropods, angleworms and roundworms live in the dirt and have an of import influence on dirt birthrate ( Amezketa, 1999 ) . They ingest soil stuff and relocate works stuff and signifier tunnels. The effects of these activities are variable. Macro-organisms improve aeration, porousness, infiltration, aggregative stableness, litter commixture, improved N and C stabilisation, C turnover and carbonate decrease and N mineralization, alimentary handiness and metal mobility ( Amezketa, 1999 Winsome and McColl, 1998 and Brown et al. , 2000 ) .The assorted groups of dirt beings do non know independently of each other, but form an interlocked system more or less in equilibrium with the environment ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Their activity in dirt depend on wet content, temperature, dirt enzymes, disintegration of dirt minerals and dislocation of toxic chemicals. All have a enormous function in the development of dirt birthrate ( Alam, 2001 ) . Their actions involve the formation of structural systems of the dirts which help in the addition of agricultural productiveness ( Alam, 2001 ) .2.3. SOIL CLAY MINERALOGYThe clay fraction of dirt is dominated by clay minerals which control of import dirt chemical belongingss including sorption features of dirts ( Dixon and Schulze, 2002 ) . Minerals are of course happening inorganic compounds, with defined chemical and physical belongingss ( Velde, 1995 ) . Minerals that are organize in the deepnesss of a vent are called primary minerals ( Pal et al. , 2000 ) . Feldspar, biotite, vitreous silica and hornblende are illustrations of primary minerals. These minerals and the stones made from them are frequently non stable when expose to the weathering agents at the surface of the Earth ( Dixon and Schulze, 2002 ) . These stones are broken down ( weathered ) continuously into little pieces by exposure to physical and chemical weathering procedures ( Dixon and Schulze, 2002 ) .Some of the el ements that are released during weathering, reform and crystallise in a different construction organizing secondary minerals ( Melo et al. , 2002 ) . Secondary minerals range to be much smaller in atom size than primary minerals, and are most normally found in the clay fraction of dirts ( Guggenheim and Martin, 1995 ) . Soil clay fractions frequently contain a broad scope of secondary minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and aluminium hydrated oxides, whereas the sand or silt atoms of dirts are dominated by comparatively inert primary minerals. The clay fraction is normally dominated by secondary minerals which are more chemically active and lend the most to dirty birthrate ( Melo et al. , 2002 ) . Two major secondary mineral groups, clay minerals and hydrated oxides, tend to rule. These groups can look in assorted mixtures frequently in association with dirt organic affair ( Brady and Weil, 2004 ) .Clay minerals are hydrated aluminum phyllosilicates, sometimes with variable sums of Fe, Mg, alkali metals, alkalic Earth metals and other cations, ( Joussein et al. , 2005 ) . They are derived from enduring of stones and are really normal in all right grained sedimentary stones such as shale, mudstone and siltstone and in all right grained metamorphous slate and phyllite ( Van der Merwe et al. , 2002 ) . There are besides non-clay minerals such as vitreous silica and calcite which are derived from enduring of pyrogenic stones, ( Van der Merwe et al. , 2002 ) .Clay minerals are indispensable stages in dirt chemical apprehension and play highly of import functions in ion exchange reactions ( Brigatti et al. , 1996 Barrow, 1999 ) . Soils which are texturally and chemically similar may differ in productiveness or birthrate due to the presence or absence of little sums of peculiar clay minerals ( Van der Merwe et al. , 2002 ) . For illustration, smectite clays are various and strong cationic money changers and their presence can greatly act upon the mobility of potentially toxic elements. Vermiculite has been widely used in the survey of short- to medium-term fluctuations ( seasonal and one-year ) in dirt procedures ( Monterroso and Macias, 1998 ) .Soil clay mineralogy plays a critical function in dirt birthrate since mineral surfaces serve as possible sites for alimentary storage ( Tucker, 1999 ) . However, different types of dirt minerals hold and retain differing sums of foods ( Velde, 1995 ) . Therefore, it is critical to cognize the types of minerals that make up a dirt so as to foretell the grade to which the dirt can retain and provide foods to workss.Knowledge of the clay mineralogical composing and the different clay minerals present in dirt is of import in understanding usage, and direction of the dirt, and in finding the agricultural potencies of dirts.2.3.1. Happening of clay and clay mineralsClaies and clay minerals occur under a reasonably limited scope of geologic conditions ( Velde et al. , 2003 ) . The environments of formation include dirt skylines, Continental and marine deposits, geothermal Fieldss, volcanic sedimentations, and enduring stone formations ( Joussein et al. , 2005 ) . Most clay minerals form where stones are in contact with H2O, air, or steam ( Hillier, 1995 ) . Examples of these state of affairss include enduring bowlders on a hillside, deposits in sea or lake undersides, profoundly inhumed deposits incorporating pure H2O, and stones in contact with H2O heated by magma ( liquefied stone ) ( Hillier, 1995 ) .A primary demand for the formation of clay minerals is the presence of H2O. Soil clay minerals formation occurs in many different environments, including the weathering environment, the sedimentary environment, and the digenetic-hydrothermal environment ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Clay minerals composed of the more soluble compounds e.g. smectites are formed in environments where ions can roll up ( e.g. in a dry clime, in a ill drained dirt, in the ocean, or in saline lakes ) ( Velde 1995 ) . Clay minerals composed of less soluble compounds ( for illustration, kaolinite and halloysite ) signifier in more dilute H2O such as that found in environments that undergo terrible leaching ( for illustration, a brow in the wet Torrid Zones ) , where merely meagerly soluble elements such as aluminium and Si can stay ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) . Illite and chlorite are known to organize copiously in the diagenetic-hydrothermal environment by reaction from smectite ( Brady and Weil, 1999 ) .2.3.2. Weathering of mineralsThe minerals parent stuffs form in the crystallization of liquefied stone stuff these are known as primary minerals, and include olivine, quartz, feldspar and hornblende. Primary minerals are non stable when exposed to H2O, air current and extremes of temperature ( Hillier, 1995 ) . Some of the elements that are released during enduring reform and crystallise in a different construction these are the secondary minerals, and include vermiculite, montmor illonite and kaolinite ( Hillier, 1995 ) . Secondary minerals tend to be much smaller in atom size than primary minerals, and are most normally found in the clay fraction of dirts. As minerals weather, they lose Si ( as soluble silicic acid ) , taking to increasing proportions of aluminates in weather-beaten clays, such as kaolinite. Aluminium hydrated oxide species are amphoteric.The rate and nature of the enduring procedure really much depends on climatic conditions. Intense enduring produced in a hot and damp clime can take to major alterations in mineral construction and the transition to hydrated oxides. There are four stages to be considered in the system that model the formation of clay minerals by the weathering of flinty stones as the clays have a definite composing K-feldspar, Muscovite ( illite ) , Kaolinite and gibbsite3KAlSi3O8 ) +2H+ +12H2O i2K+ +6Si ( OH ) 4 +KAl3Si3O10 ( OH ) 2( K- Feldspar ) ( Illite ) Eqn. 2.1 2KAl3Si3O10 ( OH ) 2 + 3H2O + 2H+ i2K+ + 3Al2Si2O 5 ( OH ) 4( Illite ) ( Kaolinite ) . Eqn. 2.2 Al2Si2O5+ ( OH ) 4 5H2O ii 2Si ( OH ) 4 + 2Al ( OH ) 3( Kaolinite ) ( Gibbsite ) . Eqn. 2.3

Intermediate Accounting Essay

Nicholas Inc. is in call for of a new punch invite to increase its production output. Their company policy is to have the purchasing discussion section obtain 3 different marketer bids for any major purchases. The engineering department of Nicholas Inc. has castd that each of the three vendors punch presses is well identical and each has an estimated designful life of 20 yrs. Maintenance on the machine is performed at year-end. With a cost of capital of 10%, it is our job to determine which vendor to purchase the new machine from.The engineering department has determined the annual maintenance expense associated with the punch press to be $1000 per year for the first five years, $2000 per year for the next 10 years and $3000 per year for the last five years. To engineer the present abide by of these accumulated costs you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $1,000 for the first five blockages plus the present value of an ordinary annuity of $2,000 in periods 6 thru 15 plus the present value of an ordinary annuity in periods 16 thru 20. This is fitting to =1000 x PV of OA + 2000 x PV of OA + 3000 x PV of OA=1000 x 3.79079 + 2000 x (7.60608-3.79079) + 3000 x (8.51356-7.60608) =$14,143.81The value of the punch press from Vendor A is refer to $55,000 in immediate payment at delivery and 10 year end requitals of $18,000 each. To calculate the present value of the purchase, you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $18,000 plus the sign payment of $55,000. This in preset value is equal to =55000 + 18000 x PV of OA=55000 + 18000 x 6.14457=$165,602.26Vendor A offers a separate 20-year maintenance service contract valued at $10000 made at the initial purchase. This would save the company $4,143.81 in maintenance costs over the life of the press. Including maintenance costs associated with this punch press, the total amount of money spent on this machine in present day dollars would be $175,602.26 The value of the punch press from Vendor B is equal to forty semiannual payments of $9,500 each, with the first payment due at the time of delivery. To determine the cost in present value dollars, you find the present value of an annuity due of $9500 for 40 periods at 5%, which is equal to =9500 x PV of AD=9500 x (17.15909 x 1.05)=$171,161.92Vendor B will perform all year-end maintenance associated with the press at no additional cost, so the present value amount spent on the equipment would be $171,161.92 The value of the punch press from Vendor C is equal to $150,000 cash at the initial time of delivery. Since no annual maintenance package is offered from Vendor C, we must assume the cost of maintenance will be equal to what the engineering department had determined above. The present value dollar costs associated with the purchase of the press from Vendor C is $164,143.81.Nicholas Inc. should use Vendor C to purchase the new punch press. Using present value dollars to determine how much t he press will cost today, Vendor C offers the cheapest purchase scathe for the machine. One factor other than the price of the equipment Nicholas Inc. should consider is the balance in their cash account. Do they have a large enough balance to cover up the large initial payment of $150,000? Also, if they do have enough cash on hand to make a $150,000 initial purchase, will this result in Nicholas Inc. being short on the cash that it needs for other normal expenses like payroll, utilities and raw materials purchases?If a cash shortfall would result from purchasing the press from Vendor C, then Nicholas Inc. may be forced to use Vendor B who offers a financing plan but will result in them paying more in present value dollars for the press. The most recent concept statement that deals with present value measurements in accounting is the Statement of pecuniary accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements. This was issued in Febr uary of 2000. When observable dollar amounts are non available to determine the value of an asset or liability, accountants often turn to estimated cash draws to determine the carrying value of the asset or liability in question. Since those cash flows usually occur in one or more future periods, present value concepts of the future cash flows are used to determine the value of the asset or liability.The goal here is to determine the difference in value between these cash flows if they were received today and when they are received in the future. Examples of assets and liabilities that would use present value concepts to determine their carrying value are notes payable, bonds payable, notes receivable and bonds receivable. The following are key terms related to present value and its use in accounting measurement practices. Best estimate is the single most likely amount in a range of contingent estimated amounts.Estimated cash flow refers to a single amount to be received or paid in the future. Expected cash flow refers to the probability-weighed amounts in a range of possible estimated amounts to be received or paid in the future. A fresh-start measurement is when the value of an asset or a liability is re-evaluated after its original period of valuation. Some fresh-start measurements are performed every period while others occur only after a certain situation or trigger occurs.Interest methods of tryst refers to the process companies use to adjust the book value of assets or liabilities when their values have previously been determined using present value techniques. Interest methods of apportioning will be used to determine the carrying value of the punch press for Nicholas Inc in future periods. Estimated cash outflows associated with each vendor were the basis to determine which vendor had the cheapest present value price of the equipment. 1 . FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Acco unting Measurements, Paragraph 1. February 2000. 2 . FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, February 2000.

Record Organization

All sizes of facilities seem to have a few similarities and differences in how a facility handles loose reports. In reviewing our compiled data I noticed that most of the facilities prefer that their loose records are permanently anchored in the patients charts. Permanently anchoring file away cabinets in patients charts can avoid files being set or lost. The way files are organized depends on each facility policies. In the information the most popular form of organization seems to be chronological.While others file by personal information, doctors orders, medications, then legal information. In reviewing the data from the interviews, I noticed there were some similarities and differences in how a patients file is handled. Small facilities seem to use paper files and all reports are filed within the patients main record immediately. This prevents reports from getting lost, and they are easier to locate. All strong suit and large facilities are more likely to use electronic files rather than paper files.With electronic files everything gets filed in the patients main file immediately. apply electronic files also eliminates the risk of misplacing files. It seems the smaller facilities use paper files because the electronic system may be too costly for them. In conclusion, how patients files are filed and how they are taken care of within a small, medium, or large facility depend on the preference of that facility. Even though there are some similarities and differences they all take care in the organization of how their files are filed whether it is paper or electronic.

Surface Tension

Processed Data Table 1 Data in touchstone the height of the pee Trial Height of water (m) 1 0. 032 2 0. 032 3 0. 032 Average 0. 032 Table 2 Values for measuring the radius of capillary Temperature 30 degrees Celsius Density 30 degrees Celsius 995. 67 kg m-3 Acceleration due to gravity 9. 8 m s2 Height of water 0. 032 m Surface stress of emailprotected 30 degrees Celsius 7. 118 X 10-2 N m radius of capillary tube 4. 5592825 X 10-4 m Table 3 Values for the height of n-butanol solutions in capillary tube Temperature Trial 0. 1 M 0. 2 M 0. 4 M 0. M 0. 8 M 30 degrees Celsius 1 0. 022 0. 023 0. 023 0. 024 0. 025 2 0. 022 0. 023 0. 024 0. 025 0. 026 3 0. 022 0. 024 0. 024 0. 025 0. 026 Average 0. 022 0. 0233 0. 0237 0. 0247 0. 0257 Table 4 Values for climb focus Concentration Density (kg m3) Acc. due to gravity (m s-2) Height (m) Radius (m) Surface tension (N m-1) 0. 1 M 910 9. 8 0. 022 4. 5592825 X 10-4 0. 04472564947 0. 2 M 920 0. 0233 0. 04788906204 0. 4 M 930 0. 0237 0. 049 17091975 0. 6 M 940 0. 0247 0. 05187013633 0. 8 M 950 0. 0257 0. 545442923 Table 5 Values for excess concentration, cross-sectional area, & molecular radius of n-butanol Temperature 303 K glut concentration 7. 9387 mol m-2 Cross-sectional area 2. 09 X 1048 A Molecular radius of n-butanol 8. 156394192 X 1023 A Figure 1 Plot of n-butanol concentration versus rebel tension Figure 2 Plot of clear tension versus ln C Discussion The objective of the experiment is to use the capillary snarf method to secure the surface tension of the working solution in this case, the increasing concentrations of n-butanol solution.In a solution, molecules experience intermolecular forces with separately opposite. However, the molecules in the surface of the solution experience little intermolecular force because part of it is exposed to a contrasting phase. Therefore, there is a tendency for the bulk solution to pull the molecules from the surface towards them. This concept is employ in a r ain droplet, where because of the pull by the bulk part of the solution, it shapes into a form of a sphere a shape with the least surface area. The rise of the solution in the capillary tube is the result of cohesion and adhesion.Cohesion is the attraction of molecules within the same phase while adhesion refers to the attraction of molecules of different phases say the n-butanol solution and the walls of the capillary tube. If the adhesion force is stronger than the cohesion force, the walls of the capillary tube will be wet, which in turn attracts molecules from the bulk of the solution up until the pressure exerted from outside (environment) of the capillary tube is equal to the forces that lifts the solution upwards.This equilibrium point will be used to determine the height of the rise of the solution, which is a factor in determining the surface tension of the solution. Different concentrations of n-butanol solution were prepared in volumetric flasks. Then the radius of the capillary tube was identify by performing the capillary rise method using deionized water. With the given surface tension of water at 30 degrees Celsius, the radius was calculated r=2? pgh Surfactants are molecules that have a nonpolar tail and a polar end.It lowers the surface tension from two different phases because of its ability to pull the molecules toward the molecules in the surface area. N-butanol is a surfactant therefore, it is hypothesized that the surface tension will decrease as the concentration of this surfactant in the solution increases. However, in the experiment, the results stated otherwise, that the more(prenominal) concentrated the n-butanol in the solution is, the higher the surface tension it manifests, as shown in figure 1.The equation used to compute for the surface tension is ? = pghr2 where p is the niggardness, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h is the height of the solution and r is the radius of the capillary. Sources of error can come from th e deviating temperatures of the balance room and the laboratory. The capillary rise method should have been performed immediately right after identifying the density of the solution since a little change in temperature could greatly affect the behavior of the solution.Moreover, the persistent duration of time in performing the capillary rise method could possibly turn the solution back again to two layered phases, alternatively of a homogenous mixture therefore, what is measured is the height of the crude deionized wated rather than the solution. Also, another source of error could be the prolonged stagnant state of the other solutions in the volumetric flask where the alcohols present in the solution could possibly be turned into vapor state inside the flasks.The behavior of the n-butanol is to converge to each other and replace the water molecules at the surface. The concentration of this surfactant becomes bigger than the molecules in the bulk which gives the excess of concentra tion denoted by ? = -sRT where s is the slope of the best-fit plication by plotting the surface tension against ln C (concentration in mol m-3), R is the ideal gas constant, and the T is the temperature in Kelvin. The rate of ? , is used to calculate the value of the cross-sectional molecule of n-butanol, as well as the molecular radius of the chemical.Conclusion Although the result stated otherwise, the concept of surface tension and the relationship of the concentration of the surfactant were understood with further research of other related experiments. Despite this, the use of capillary rise method gave way to compute for the radius without directly measuring it, but instead by having a given surface tension and determining the other sufficient factors in the Laplace equation. Sample Calculations radius of capillary= 2(0. 07118Nm)995. 67kgm39. 8ms2(0. 0320m)=0. 00046m urface tension= 910kgm39. 8ms20. 022m(0. 00046m)2=0. 045Nm excess concentration= -0. 0028. 314JKmol(303K)= 0. 00000079Jmol cross-sectional area= 10. 00000079Jmol10101m216. 022X1023molecules=2. 09X1048A molecular radius= 2. 09X1048Avalue of pi=8. 16X1023A Literature Cited Chang, Raymond. Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological comprehensions. 3rd ed. Sausalito, CA University Science Books, 2000. Print. Page 840. csustan. Surface Tension and Soap Bubbles . 03 February 1999. 25 June 2012. . Prpich, A. , et. al. Tension at the Surface Which Phase Is More Important, Liquid or Vapor?. 2009 Value of density 30 degrees Celsius taken from Value of ideal gas constant taken from Mohr, Peter J. Taylor, Barry N. Newell, David B. (2008). CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2006. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 (2) 633730. . Value of surface tension of water 30 taken from Lange, p. 1663

Kaplan Higher Education Essay

1) You have been asked to design a LAN with operation over a keep of about 100m. Compare and contrast worm pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optics, and wireless for this application. You should create a table or flow chart which would facilitate choosing between these options depending on circumstances. The table or flow chart should be submitted as part of your document. You may not submit a separate fileunshielded twisted pairFiber opticCoaxial cableMedium Length Baseband 10/100/1000mbps (CAT 3/5/5e/6) EMIWavelength (nm) 850/1300RG Type RG58BU/CU RG59/BU egis Shielded/UnshieldedMax. Attn.(dB/Km) 3.0/0.9Conductor Type TC CCSMaximum Segment Length(Thicknet) 500mMin. Bandwidth (Mhz*Km) 200/500Sheath PVCCost Relatively inexpensive pep pill Ratio 666Toxicity Plenum/Non Plenum2) Rank the following five media examples in order from highest data transmittance speed to lowest data transmission speed twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave, and broadcast. 3)a) Satellite b) Fiber Opticc) Coaxial cabled) Microwavee) Twisted pair4) An entrepreneur is interested in establishing her own world-wide satellite radio infrastructure and has requested your help. Describe and justify the infrastructure that you would develop. Be sure to include the number of satellites needed, the orbits employed for those satellites, and the type and frequency of transmission utilized. a) She entrust need a multiplexed Earth station satellite system. The ground station accepts input from multiple sources and in some fashion interweaves the data streams, either by assigning different frequencies to different signals or by allowing different signals to take turns transmitting. With frequencies about 2-4 GHz5) A typical signal sequence in a synchronous connection contains a significant amount of information in addition to just the intended message or data. Identify each of the blocks commonly employed and utilize an analogy to sending a physical package to explain what each bl ock does. a) An analogy of this type of connection would be the transmission of a large text document. Before the document is transferred across the synchronous line, it is first broken into blocks of moveences or paragraphs. The blocks are then sent over the communion link to the remote site. With othertransmission modes, the text is organized into long strings of letters (or characters) that make up the words within the sentences and paragraphs. These characters are sent over the communication link one at a time and reassembled at the remote location.6) For the mesh that you have chosen to characterize for this class, identify the chief(a) types of media employed. Be sure to include both how the computers individually connect into the network devices as well as how network devices interconnect and how the connection to the Internet is achieved. shortly explain the purpose in the network of each type of media employed and identify at least one alternative media which could als o fulfill this purpose.a) The network that I have chosen for this class is a Peer to peer network. I will have four computers, one printer/copy/ telefax machine, and they will be connected with an Ethernet cord and through a local area network. This network is designed for a small business office.ReferencesNewman, C. (2014, January 10). Help genus Aix 7.1 Information Center. Help AIX 7.1 Information Center. Retrieved , from http//publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v7r1/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.aix.commadmn%2Fdoc%2Fcommadmndita%2Fasynch_synch.htm synchronous. (2014, March 9). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved , from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synchronous Synchronous and Asynchronous chat Tools Articles Resources ASAE. (n.d.). Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication Tools Articles Resources ASAE. Retrieved , from http//www.asaecenter.org/Resources/articledetail.cfm?itemnumber=13572

The Staff Development

This paper will come off the characteristics of a doctrine program for a little armorial bearing department in a local community hospital. This will include a review of teaching strategies that rivet on the adult learner based on their development stage.A teaching program for the critical bearing department would entail scurvy grouping and bookman- revolve about teaching strategies that focus on communication enhancement and core skill competency development among learners. This teaching orgasm emphasizes more self-reliance in the clinical care setting and encourages the teacher to consider learner characteristics among clinical and professional work oners. The procreational program described will be offered in hospital and other generic health care organizations where proactive group building skills and communication skills development are necessary to ensure a multi-disciplinary approach to learning and care giving. The teaching program provided will include a team a pproach to healthcare education encouraging participants to learn and adopt strategies for conversing and communicating with diverse populations including other professionals, students, clinical workers, patients, families and community members. education Program for Critical Care Department FoundationLearner characteristics for employees in a critical care work setting are unique. Adult learners in the main have specific characteristics that require use of stiff strategies for learning and teaching the adult learner (Huttly, benignant & Taylor, 2003). Studies suggest that multiple approaches whitethorn be more effective for helping critical care staff develop, including a team healthcare approach which educators ass adopt and simulate in an educational setting through interprofessional education and vertical integration of student years (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, p. 5).Teaching strategies must be based on learner characteristics and the place of interlocking students in run awa y to pursue their career to be successful. Teaching strategies that are varied are most apparent to be successful, and may include information technology training in skills development and writing genres and education most working in a multidisciplinary health care setting where a depth and run away of activities and problems solving skills are nurtured among future healthcare practitioners (Biggs, 1999 Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003).Teaching strategies must combine multiple aims including upward(a) adult critical care workers perceptions and experiences of their education and learning environment and supporting learners at varying developmental levels (Curzon, 2000). Among the skills necessary include improving communication skills in a patient centered manner this may require that educators focus on assessing the student practitioner and providing information based learning in small groups that emphasizes problem based and problem solving learning (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003 ).Many support teaching strategies that incorporate good communication, skills and core competency training and specialist options that are student based and emphasize group study skills to support ongoing learning at each development stage among adult learners make headway research suggest that the ability of adult learners to discover information and understand subject matter in a clinical setting depends in part on their ability to uncover information about subjects important to them and their professional careers (Huttly, et al. 2003 Wilby, 2001). It is important that teachers adopt strategies that allow them to act as agents of change in the classroom, brief on their own educational experience to provide students with a learning environment that is condensed but focused (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 150).The clinic provides an adequate learning environment for all medical students, and teaching strategies in this environment should focus on providing students with skills, knowled ge, expertise and professional ability to treat patients correctly and efficiently (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003). Teaching strategies that tend to work well in a clinical environment reflect learner characteristics, are generally subject-centered, consider students pre-clinical ability and education and enable students to tackle problem-oriented, practical experiences geared toward their developmental level (Townsend, et al. 1997 Huttly et al. 2003). footling group learning is also considered the most meaningful learning experienced by adult learners and reclaimable for all curricula including medical, particularly when characterized by active participation of all group members (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 101). Further small group experiences can enhance learning by involving them in various processes including relating, applying, generating ideas and recognizing and resolving problems (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 101).It is a more active than passive form of teaching that provides stude nts with more stimulating methods of interaction and developing, enabling better responsibility for learning among students, helping develop generic clinical skills and promoting all adult learning characteristics and styles (Biggs, 1999 Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003). Particularly in clinical education student centered modes of teaching including small group work allow students to adopt more active and autonomous personas better preparing them to function as team members in their medical communities at later dates and times (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003).There is ample evidence supporting the role of active learning in the clinical environment. There is also ample evidence suggesting that student centered approaches to teaching help clinical student learn to communicate better in a team environment and help develop more comprehensive communication and problem solving skills, important attributes at heart the medical profession (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003). This compared with mo re teacher centered approaches, strategies that in the past have be less successful among adult learners with varying learning characteristics, particularly those learning in a clinical environment where it is important that students adopt transferable and generic skills (Huttly, Sweet & Taylor, 2003).

Hamburger †United States Essay

A company that finds major success in one country wont necessarily catch on in another. There atomic number 18 a number of fast-food chains that succeeded in America, but have failed globally. One example is the widely customary W restys. Wendys is the third largest burger chains in the U.S.However, according to the article Wendys to choke Japan, Wendys has recently declared that they will not renew its agreement with its Japanese franchisee, Zensho Co Ltd, after both of them failed to elapse an amicable solution on the development of Wendys brand in Japan. This will result in the closure of 71 outlets located in and around Tokyo, Japan.Despite being one of the leading quick-service eating place companies in America, Wendys has struggled to understand and expand internationally. It seems that they were being consistently beaten by the business that McDonalds generates. Japan is McDonalds largest market outside of the United States. It has nearly 4,000 restaurants there. The clo sure of Wendys marks the end of a 29-year presence in Japan, and is clearly a testament to the different tastes of the Eastern and Western countries.In October, Wendys attempted one final marketing strategy when they launched a $75 million run for titled, When Its Real. However, the campaign failed to boost sales and actually declined 4%. That appeared to be the last straw for the franchise.Its difficult to succeed in the restaurant industry during a recession. People are more cautious with their money so they tend to eat more at home. However, fast-food chains continue to thrive during these punishing economic times because of their affordability. I do feel that what happened to Wendys could have been prevented. After all, McDonalds is put away succeeding in Japan, so why couldnt Wendys.Its important to remain innovative, especially during a recession. If they could have been creative and developed catchy marketing strategies during these tough times, I think they could have sw ung affirm into more prosperous times.ReferencesSchaefer, R.T. (2009) Sociology A brief introduction (8th ed.) New York, NY McGraw Hill. Zacks Investment Research (2009). Wendys to Exit Japan. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2010 from http//www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/3711374

Flame Test Lab

Flame streak Lab Question When a compound is bunkd in the irrupt of a burner, what happens to the excuseation of the flame? Hypothesis When the compound is placed in the flame, the flame changes color depending on the chemical compound. When theyre heated, they gain energy and changed color sometimes. Safety Requirements for this Lab Wear look at all(prenominal) times. If you want to remove them to write in your notebook you may sit at a table in the center of the room. When you sit down remove them and when you stand up ordinate them on. Use aprons. Pull back hair. No loose clothing.Close-toed shoes. NO FOOLING AROUND. It is very important that you DO NOT mix up the nichrome wire hands. Background Information When chemical compounds are heated, hey gain energy. The electrons in some of these chemicals will jump from their ground state electron configuration (such as the electron configurations we devour ben drawing for the fixingss) to high energy levels. As these electro ns fall back to their original positions in the atom, they emit energy. one and only(a) form of this energy is light energy. This is what you will be observing in this experiment. Materials Nichrome wire wand Test tubes containing water Test tubes containing 6M hydrochloric acid as needed to clean wire Test tubes containing Copper sulfate one thousand sulfate Copper treat Potassium nitrate atomic number 38 nitrate Calcium nitrate Copper chloride Strontium chloride Calcium chloride Cobalt chloride Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate atomic number 56 clroride Calcium nitrate Tirrel burner Matches Goggles Apron Procedure Work in teams of two At distributively table there are two samples and two tirrel burners and matches.Start the burner as you have learned to do and chance a low blue flame with the inner blue flame. Next take the nichrome wire and place in the flame. Noticed its color when it creates red hot. This is not the color of the flame you are looking for. The flame to observe is the one obtained just as you place it in the flame. Place the wand in the quiz tube with the solution of the compound, quickly place it in the flame and observe its color. Write down the color and any observations on the table provided below. Do this no more than three times.Then rinse the wire in the water Heat the wire in the flame until it has no residue from the compound left. If you have problems gestate your t separatelyer. Return the nichrome wire to the water test tube. When this is completed, exchange chemical compound setups with you tablemates. Repeat the procedure for each chemical compound. When your table is done with both chemical compounds, pass them both clockwise to the next table. When all chemical setups are complete, the class will discuss which chemical compounds that you would like to observe again.Analysis Each element is made up of different atoms. The heat helps the atoms move around and emit different colors of flame. solely certain elements can be identified by the naked eye. With others, you can identify an element by their colors, or if a surface, by their hardness and durability. I do not believe it would be in force(p) because some elements might be similar in most ways and have you confused. I recollect if the wire in this lab became contaminated, the results of the flame would be different.The colors of the flame would not be counteract due to the contamination and chemical compound on the wire. All of the flames dont have the aforesaid(prenominal) color because each chemical on the wire is different. It has to have a boost to a higher energy level. Once theyve fallen baxck to their first positions, they emit energy. The color of the flame is caused by the exciting metal ions. They are shown once burned just like we did in class. Copper 1s22s2 2p63s23p64s23d9 , Sodium 1s22s2 2p63s1 , Potassium 1s22s2 2p63s23p64s1 , Strontium 1s22s2 2p63s23p64s23d104p65s2Flame Test LabI. Purpose To observe th e colors produced when compounds are introduced into a flame and the electrons become excited. To estimate the wavelength of light produced, then expect the frequency and energy of the light II. Safety Standard safety procedures III. Chemical Inventory Chemical Name Hazards Lithium Chloride Moderately Toxic by ingestion Potassium Chloride Slightly hepatotoxic by ingestion Calcium Chloride Slightly toxic Barium Chloride HIGHLY toxic by ingestion.Use extreme discreetness cuprous Chloride HIGHLY toxic by ingestion. Use extreme caution IV. Pre-Lab Questions V. Procedure 1. Dip the soaked wooden splint in one chemical at a time. Make a few crystal stick to the splint 2. Hold the end of the splint with the crystals in the burner flame and watch the first color you see. When it changes to orange, the splint is burning and we dont care round that color 3. Use your chart from your prelab to estimate the wavelength of the color being produced 4. Obtain an unknown from your tea cher, record the garner of the unknown, and do a flame test on the unknown. It will be one of the chemicals you have already tested. VI. Data and Observations Chemical Color produced Estimated Wavelength (nm) Lithium Chloride Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride Calcium Chloride Strontium Chloride Barium Chloride Cupric Chloride Unknown___ VII. Calculations For each chemical, do the following calculations. 1. Using the estimated wavelength, calculate the frequency of the light produced. 2. Using the frequency of the light, calculate the energy of each photon of light produced. VI. Conclusion VIII. Error Analysis

Factors affecting Talent Planning Essay

there are umpteen different factors that profess an administrations approach to attracting natural endowment and are both inseparable and outside(a) factors. Some examples of inwrought factors are the size of a business. A larger business would find it much easier to source this could be because they are more well-known to the public and they would also be more financially able to push a post to get a larger range of appli stinkpotts. Recruitment policies also have an act ie recruiting from internal sources and external sources can affect the recruitment process. Generally recruitment through internal sources is preferred because own employees know the governing body and can fit well into the culture. The Image of the company has learn on the recruitment process. Good enter of the company earned by the actions of management helps attract authorization candidates.Managerial actions like good public relations can help earn image. Image of the line of merchandise also has an affect such as better salaries and good working conditions are considered the characteristics of good image of a job. Also, promotion and personal development policies of an organisation also attract potential candidates. Some examples of external factors are Demographic factors employees have a big influence on the recruitment process. Demographic factors include, age, sex, literacy, economic status etc. Labour market conditions have an affect ie supply and demand of weary is a huge importance in affecting recruitment process. If the demand is for more than one finical skill recruitment will be relatively easier.Unemployment situation has an effect. When the employment rate in an bailiwick is high, the recruitment process tends to be simpler. The number of applications is higher which makes it easier to attract the best qualified applicants. With a humble rate of unemployment, recruiting process tends to become more difficult. Labour laws that cover working conditions, com pensation, retirement benefits.This report identifies and task factors that affect an organisations approach to both attracting talent and recruitment and selection. It also identifies and explains benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce, describes methods of recruitment and methods of selection.Factors that affect an organisations approach to attracting talent For anorganisation to attract talent successfully, as part of the talent planning form _or_ system of government it needfully to identify and assess what factors affect its approach to attracting talent. For example 1. Economic Environment An organisation needs to consider what money is available to spend and this will depend on the current climate at the time. This in turn, will have an effect on how and where the company advertises externally, in addition to the salary and benefits offered.2. Laws There are laws that affect the way an organisation attracts talent. For example the Equality Act 2010 prot ects again discrimination and affects how the organisation words adverts, application forms, job description, person specifications and questions asked during interviews. Wording must not be discriminative and this can be done by ensuring it does not contain personal prejudice, is not being objective, unfair or showing less favourable treatment for an unlawful reason e.g. Age, gender or disability.3. Branding A company with a good reputation, is more likely to successfully attract the right talent to its organisation. To do this, an organisation relies heavily on being perceived as being known as a good employer and needs to take a proactive approach by offering career development, in addition to remuneration and rewards.4. Culture The culture of the organisation can be part of what keeps employees engaged and makes the organisation differ positively from competitors. For example, an organisation may be friendly or collaborative something that new talent