Tourist motivation

Tourist motiveTourist motive is seen by many writers as one of the key elements in discernment holidaymaker decision-making behaviour. A sound understanding of change of location motivation plays a critical role in predicting future travel pattern. The big perform to the basic question, why do muckle travel? has occupied the minds of tourer researchers for many years. Various methods have been employed to uncover travel motives. The hobby literature volition shed light on various theories that bottom of the inning be used to have a knowledge why people travel to urban goal. Tourist motivation fecal matter be specify as the global integrating nedeucerk of biological and cultural forces which gives nourish and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998). Put simply, motivation is a conjure of arousal of a drive or need which impels people to operation in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the need subsides and the unmarried returns to the equilibrium-but whole briefly because mod motives arise as the last one is satisfied. As cited in Seaton (1997) motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he standnot find inside have been largely created by society and mold by everyday life. Grays (1979) travel-motivation theory, poses only deuce main motives for travel. One is the swear to go from a kn possess to an unknown place, called in Grays theory wanderlust. The otherwisewise motive is what Grays called sunlust. This generates a trip to a place which can deliver the goods the traveler with specific facilities that do not exist in his or her own place of residence. Some of the motives which determine their travel choices are recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping. According to the push and pull concept, Crompton (1979), push factors explains the desire for travel while the pull motives have been used to explain the actual desti nation choice. Nine motivations of leisure travelers were set and classified 7 as socio-psychological or push motives and two as cultural or pull motives. The seven push motives were, escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and paygrade of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction. The pull motives were novelty and education.Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types tension-reducing motives arousal- seek motives. According to Maslow, there are quintuple require forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. At the bottom are the basic needs for food, water and air. Then, above them is the need for safety, security, and protection. Maslow argued that if the lower needs are complete the individual would be motivated by needs of the next take of the hierarchy. Cooper et al (2005) criticises Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five n eeds remain unclear, although Page (2003) feels that it has relevance in understanding how homophile action is understandable and predictable compared to research which argues that human behaviour is basically irrational and unpredictable. Though much criticism about Maslows theory, the tourism constancy has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labeled and provide a useful mannikin for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, although the apparent purpose of a trip may be for shopping, the underlying psychological motivation may be to impress their neighbours and gain higher social status. Iso-Ahola (1982) says that tourists will fox roles while on holiday, and that over time different needs will arise. Single motivation may not always act as the determining factor for travel. If within the holiday, the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might emerge. Indeed, it i s congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if initially there is a primary need for relaxation while on a holiday, the gratification of that need will create awareness of other needs such as exploration of place as a means of getting a sense of belonging or to enable processes of self-actualisation to take place.Dann (1981) has identified seven elements of tourist motivations travel as a response to what is missing yet desired destination pull in response to motivational push motivation as fantasy(engage in behaviour and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their home environment like prostitution and gambling) motivation as classified purpose(VFRs) motivational typologies motivation and tourist experiences motivation as auto-definition and meaning (the way in which tourist define their situations and respond to them).Page Connell,2003.P.Pearce (1988) as cited in Ryan (1997) lists five travel motivations which he calls travel career bunk where tourists d evelop varying motivations of relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and increase, fulfillment. In Pearces model, the motivations listed can be shared into two categories. The needs may be self-centered or tell at others. Thus, for example, relaxation may be a solo effect where the holiday-maker seeks a quiet restful time alone or it can be relaxation in the company of others, springing from the need for external fanaticism and desire for novelty. Stimulation can be self-directed which springs from the concern for own safety, or it can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety. race can be self-directed which means giving love and tenderness and maintaining relationships, or it can be directed at others which means receiving affection, to be with group membership. Self-esteem and development maybe self-directed like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, or it may be directed at others like prestige, glamour of travelling. Fulfilment is totally self-directed as it fulfils individual dreams, understands oneself more and experience inner peace and harmony. There are whatsoever criticisms against Pearces travel motivations. For example, Pearce argues that stimulation may be understood along a dimension of risk and safety of self or others. However, it might be argued that there is a real and distinctive difference between these two motivations. Cohen (1972) as cited in Shaw Williams (2002), draws attention to the fact that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same time, most(prenominal) also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity can in turn be used to derive a typology. Cohen distinguished tourist using sociological principles into organised mass tourist, individual mass tourists, venturer and drifter. They feel that it is not based on any empirical data. In addition, these groups were a lso differentiated along the lines of contact with the tourist industry, with mass tourists beingness termed institutionalised and the more individualistic tourist being regarded as non-institutionalised. smith (1977) provided a more detailed variant of Cohens tourist typologies. Smith (1977) identifies 7 categories of tourist who have been termed as interactional typologies explorer, elite, off-beat, unusual, incipient mass, mass, and charter. Shaw Williams (2002) opines that Plogs typology is based on asking tourists about their real general lifestyles or value systems, a good deal using perceptual information derived from interviews. Plogs (1987) typology can be used to raise tourist motivations as well as attitudes to particular destinations and modes of travel. In equipment casualty of the latter, a tourist typology developed for the American Express (1989) has categorised travellers as adventurers, worriers, dreamers, economisers and indulgers- all of whom viewed their tr avel experiences in different ways.